ARDS

Amato, MB, Barbas, CS, Medeiros, DM, et al (1998) Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338,347-354 [ Article ]
Amato, MBP, Barbas, CSV, Medeiros, DM, et al (1995) Beneficial effects of the "open lung approach" with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152,1835-1846 [ Article ]
Amato, MBP, Barbas, CSV, Medeiros, DM, et al (1998) Effects of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 336,347-354 [ Article ]
American Thoracic Society, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and The Societe de Reanimation de Langue Francaise (2000), International Consensus Conferences in Intensive Care Medicine: Ventilator Associated Lung Injury in ARDS, Resp and Crit Care Med, December, 1999.[ Article ]
ARDSNet, (2000) Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N Engl J Med, to be published in May 4 edition [ Article ]
Brochard, L, Roudot-Thoraval, F, Roupie, E, et al (1998) Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158,1831-1838 [ Article ]
Matamis, D, Lemaire, F, Harf, A, et al (1984) Total respiratory pressure-volume curves in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 86,58-66 [ Article ]
Roupie, E, Dambrosio, M, Servillo, G, et al (1996) Titration of tidal volume and induced hypercapnia in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 125,909-916 [ Article ]
Stewart, TEM, Meade, O, Cook, DJ, et al (1998) Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338,355-361 [ Article ]

Auto PEEP

Hoffman, RA, Ershowsky, P, Krieger, BP (1989) Determination of auto-PEEP during spontaneous and controlled ventilation by monitoring changes in end-expiratory thoracic gas volume. Chest 96,613-616
[Abstract]

BiPAP/Bi-level Ventilation

Bunburaphong T, H Imanaka, M Nishimura, D Hess, and RM Kacmarek. Performance characteristics of bilevel pressure ventilators: a lung model study Chest 1997 111: 1050-1060.
[Abstract]
Mehta, S, Jay, GD, Woolard, RH, et al (1997) Randomized, prospective trial of bilevel versus continuous positive airway pressure in acute pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 25,620-628
[Abstract]
Patel RG and MF Petrini Respiratory muscle performance, pulmonary mechanics, and gas exchange between the BiPAP S/T-D system and the Servo Ventilator 900C with bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation following gradual pressure support weaning Chest 1998 114: 1390-1396.
[Abstract]
Pollack, CV, Torres, M, Alexander, L (1996) Feasibility study of the use of bilevel positive airway pressure for respiratory support in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 27,189-192
[Abstract]
Poponick J M, JP Renston, RP Bennett, CL Emerman (1999) Use of a Ventilatory Support System (BiPAP) for Acute Respiratory Failure in the Emergency Department, Chest 116: 166-171.
[Abstract]
Poponick JM, JP Renston, RP Bennett, CL Emerman (1999) Use of a Ventilatory Support System (BiPAP) for Acute Respiratory Failure in the Emergency Department Chest 116: 166-171.
[Abstract]

Bronchodilators

Dhand, R, Jubran, A, Tobin, MJ (1995) Efficacy of bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152,129-136
[Abstract]
Dhand, R, Duarte, AG, Jubran, A, et al (1996) Dose response to bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154,388-393
[Abstract]
P Marik, J Hogan, J Krikorian (1999) A Comparison of Bronchodilator Therapy Delivered by Nebulization and Metered-Dose Inhaler in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Chest 115: 1653-1657.
[Abstract]

Consensus Reports

American Thoracic Society, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and The Societe de Reanimation de Langue Francaise (2000), International Consensus Conferences in Intensive Care Medicine: Ventilator Associated Lung Injury in ARDS, Resp and Crit Care Med, December, 1999.
[Abstract]
Clinical Indications for Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Chronic Respiratory Failure Due to Restrictive Lung Disease, COPD, and Nocturnal Hypoventilation—A Consensus Conference Report. (1999) Chest 116: 521-534.
[Abstract]
Loube, DI, Gay, PC, Strohl, KP, et al (1999) ACCP consensus statement: indications for positive airway pressure treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea patients. Chest 115,863-866
[Article]
The American Association for Respiratory Care. Consensus statement on non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Respir Care 1997; 42:362–369
[Article]

Economic Issues

Munshi IA, B DeHaven, O Kirton, D Sleeman, and M (1999) Reengineering Respiratory Support Following Extubation: Avoidance of Critical Care Unit Costs. Chest 116: 1025-1028.
[Abstract]

High Frequency Ventilation

George RJ, RJ Winter, MA Johnson, IP Slee, and DM Geddes Effect of oral high frequency ventilation by jet or oscillator on minute ventilation in normal subjects Thorax 1985 40: 749-755
[Abstract]
Hamilton, PP, Onayemi, A, Smyth, JA, et al (1983) Comparison of conventional and high-frequency ventilation: oxygenation and lung pathology. J Appl Physiol 55(1 Pt 1),131-138
[Abstract]
Pillow JJ, H Neil, MH Wilkinson CA Ramsden Effect of I/E ratio on mean alveolar pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation J Appl Physiol 1999 87: 407-414.
[Abstract]
Velmahos GC, LS Chan, R Tatevossian, EE Cornwell, WR.Dougherty, J Escudero, D Demetriades (1999) High-frequency Percussive Ventilation Improves Oxygenation in Patients With ARDS Chest 116: 440-446.
[Abstract]
Articles on High-Frequency Ventilation from SensorMedics (Thermo Respiratory Group) [High-Frequency Ventilation]

Home Care Ventilation

Srinivasan S, SM Doty, TR White, VH Segura, MT Jansen, SL Davidson Ward, and TG Keens. Frequency, causes, and outcome of home ventilator failure Chest 1998 114: 1363-1367.
[Abstract]

Humidity

Ricard J-D, P Markowicz, K Djedaini, L Mier, F Coste, D Dreyfuss (1999) Bedside Evaluation of Efficient Airway Humidification During Mechanical Ventilation of the Critically Ill Chest 115: 1646-1652.
[Abstract]

Lung Injury

Bethmann, AN, Brasch, F, Nusing, R, et al (1998) Hyperventilation induces release of cytokines from perfused mouse lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157,263-272
Dreyfuss, D, Saumon, G (1998) Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157,294-323
Dreyfuss, D, Soler, P, Basset, G, et al (1988) High inflation pressure pulmonary edema: respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 137,1159-1164
Egan, EA (1976) Effect of lung inflation on alveolar permeability to solutes. Ciba Found Symp 38,101-114
Imai, Y, Kawano, T, Miyasaka, K, et al (1994) Inflammatory chemical mediators during conventional ventilation and during high frequency oscillatory ventilation [see comments]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150(6 Pt 1),1550-1554
Kolton, M, Cattran, E, Kent, G, et al (1982) Oxygenation during high frequency ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in two models of lung injury. Anesth Analg 61,323-332
McCulloch, PR, Forkert, PG, Froese, AB (1988) Lung volume maintenance prevents lung injury during high frequency oscillation in surfactant deficient rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 137,1185-1192
Nahum, A, Hoyt, J, Schmitz, L, et al (1997) Effect of mechanical ventilation strategy on dissemination of intratracheally instilled Escherichia coli in dogs. Crit Care Med 25,1733-1743
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. NHLBI clinical trial stopped early: successful ventilator strategy found for intensive care patients on life support. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/nhlbi/news/hlbi15-9.htm. March 15, 1999
Parker, JC, Hernandez, LA, Peevy, KJ (1993) Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care Med 21,131-143
Parker, JC, Townsley, MI, Rippe, B, et al (1984) Increased microvascular permeability in dog lungs due to high peak airway pressures. J Appl Physiol 57,1809-1816
Pierson, DJ (1988) Alveolar rupture during mechanical ventilation: role of PEEP, peak airway pressure, and distending volume. Respir Care 33,472-486
Slutsky AS (1999) Lung Injury Caused by Mechanical Ventilation Chest 116: 9S-15S.
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Slutsky, AS, Tremblay, LN (1998) Multiple system organ failure: is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157,1721-1725
Tremblay, LN, Slutsky, AS, Dreyfuss, D, et al (1998) Ventilator-induced lung injury: mechanisms and clinical correlates. Marini, JJ Slutsky, AS eds. Physiological basis of ventilatory support ,395-451 Marcel Dekker New York, NY.
Webb, HH, Tierney, DF (1974) Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures: protection by positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 110,556-565
West, JB, Mathieu-Costello, O (1995) Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a limiting factor for maximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 70,99-108

Mechanics

Brochard, L (1998) Respiratory pressure-volume curves. Tobin, MJ eds. Principles and practice of intensive care monitoring ,597-616 McGraw-Hill New York, NY.
Carney DE, et al. The Mechanism of Lung Volume Change during Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov 1;160(5):1697-1702.
Kaczka DW, EP Ingenito, KR Lutchen (1999) Technique to Determine Inspiratory Impedance during Mechanical Ventilation: Implications for Flow Limited Patients Annals of Biomedical Engineering 27,340-355.
Polese, G, Rossi, A, Appendini, L, et al (1991) Partitioning of respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients. J Appl Physiol 71,2425-2433
Riou Y, et al. Comparison of four methods for measuring elevation of FRC in mechanically ventilated infants. Intensive Care Med. 1999 Oct 28;25(10):1118-1125.
Rossi, A, Polese, G, Milic-Emili, J (1998) Monitoring respiratory mechanics in ventilator-dependent patients. Tobin, MJ eds. Principles and practice of intensive care monitoring ,553-596 McGraw-Hill New York, NY.

Modes

Bloch-Salisbury E, Spengler CM, Brown R, Banzett RB. Self-Control and External Control of Mechanical Ventilation Give Equal Air Hunger Relief Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998 157: 415-420.
[Abstract]
Leung, P, Jubran, A, Tobin, MJ (1997) Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, and dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155,1940-1948

Monitoring

Jubran, A, Tobin, MJ (1996) Monitoring during mechanical ventilation. Clin Chest Med 17,453-473
Jubran, A. (1999) Advances in Respiratory Monitoring During Mechanical Ventilation. Chest. 1999;116:1416-1425.

Negative Pressure Ventilation

Ambrosino, N, Montagna, T, Nava, S, et al (1990) Short term effect of intermittent negative pressure ventilation in COPD patients with respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 3,502-508
Celli, B, Lee, H, Criner, G, et al (1989) Controlled trial of external negative pressure ventilation in patients with severe airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 140,1251-1256
Cropp, A, Dimarco, AF (1987) Effects of intermittent negative pressure ventilation on respiratory muscle function in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 135,1056-1061
Gutierrez, M, Berolza, T, Contreras, G, et al (1988) Weekly cuirass ventilation improves blood gases and inspiratory muscle strength in patients with chronic air-flow limitation and hypercarbia. Am Rev Respir Dis 138,617-623
Scano, G, Gigliotti, F, Duranti, R, et al (1990) Changes in ventilatory muscle function with negative pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD. Chest 97,322-327
Shapiro, SH, Ernst, P, Gray-Donald, K, et al (1992) Effect of negative pressure ventilation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 340,1425-1429

Nitric Oxide

Clark RH, TJ Kueser, MW Walker, WM Southgate, JL Huckaby, JA Perez, BJ Roy, M Keszler, and JP Kinsella, Low-Dose Nitric Oxide Therapy for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn, NEJM 2000 342: 7.
Kirmse M, D Hess, Y Fujino, RM Kacmarek, and WE Hurford. Delivery of inhaled nitric oxide using the Ohmeda INOvent Delivery System Chest 1998 113: 1650-1657.
[Abstract]

Noninvasive Ventilation

Abou-Shala, N, Meduri, GU (1996) Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 24,705-715
Ambrosino, N, Foglio, K, Rubin, F, et al (1995) Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: correlates for success. Thorax 50,755-757
Bach, JR (1995) Conventional approaches to managing neuromuscular ventilatory failure. Bach, JR eds. Pulmonary rehabilitation: the obstructive and paralytic conditions ,285-301 Hanley & Belfus Philadelphia, PA.
Benhamou, D, Muir, JF, Raspaud, C, et al (1997) Long term efficiency of home nasal mask ventilation in patients with diffuse bronchiectasis and severe chronic respiratory failure: a case control study. Chest 112,1259-1266
Bott, J, Carroll, MP, Conway, JH, et al (1993) Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet 341,1555-1557
Bradley, D, Holloway, RM, McLaughlin, PR, et al (1992) Cardiac output response to continuous positive airway pressure in congestive heart failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 145,377-382
Brochard, L, Mancebo, J, Wysocki, M, et al (1995) Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 333,817-822
Cazolli, P, Oppenheimer, E (1996) Home mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: nasal compared to trache-ostomy-intermittent positive pressure ventilation. J Neurol Sci 139(suppl),123-128
Criner GJ, K Brennan, JM Travaline, D Kreimer (1999) Efficacy and Compliance With Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Patients With Chronic Respiratory Failure Chest 116: 667-675.
[Abstract]
Diaz, O, Iglesia, R, Ferrer, M, et al (1997) Effects of noninvasive ventilation on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics during acute hypercapnic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156,1840-1845
Elliott, MW, Mulvey, DA, Moxham, J, et al (1991) Domiciliary nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in COPD: mechanisms underlying changes in arterial blood gas tensions. Eur Respir J 4,1044-1052
Elliott, MW, Steven, MH, Phillips, GD, et al (1990) Non-invasive mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. BMJ 300,358-360
Ellis, E, McCauley, V, Mellis, C, et al (1987) Treatment of alveolar hypoventilation in a 6 year-old girl with intermittent positive pressure ventilation through a nose mask. Am Rev Respir Dis 136,188-191
Gay, P, Hubmayr, RD, Stroetz, RW (1996) Efficacy of nocturnal nasal ventilation in stable, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during a 3 month controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 71,533-542
Gay, P, Patel, A, Viggiano, R, et al (1991) Nocturnal nasal ventilation for treatment of patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure. Mayo Clin Proc 66,695-703
Hillberg, RE, Johnson, DC (1997) Noninvasive ventilation. N Engl J Med 337,1746-1752
Hodson, ME, Madden, PB, Steven, HM, et al (1991) Noninvasive mechanical ventilation for cystic fibrosis patients—a potential bridge to transplantation. Eur Respir J 4,524-527
James H. Hertzog, Linda B. Siegel, Gabriel J. Hauser, and Heidi J. Dalton (1999) Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation Facilitates Tracheal Extubation After Laryngotracheal Reconstruction in Children Chest 116: 260-263
[Abstract]
Jasmer, RM, Luce, JM, Matthay, MA (1997) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure: underutilized or overrated? Chest 111,1672-1678
Kramer, N, Meyer, TJ, Meharg, J, et al (1995) Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151,1799-1806
Leger, P, Jennequin, J, Gerard, M, et al (1989) Home positive pressure ventilation via nasal mask for patients with neuromuscular weakness or restrictive lung or chest wall disease. Respir Care 34,73-79
Lenique, F, Habis, M, Lofaso, F, et al (1997) Ventilatory and hemodynamic effects of continuous positive airway pressure in left heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155,500-505
Lin, CC (1996) Comparison between nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation combined with oxygen therapy and oxygen monotherapy in patients with severe COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154,353-358
Meecham-Jones, DJ, Paul, EA, Jones, PW (1995) Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy along in hypercapnic COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152,538-544
Mesa, J, Celli, B, Riesco, J, et al (1997) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and not oxygen may prevent overt ventilatory failure in patients with chest wall diseases. Chest 112,207-213
Naughton, MT, Liu, PP, Benard, DC (1995) Treatment of congestive heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep by continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151,92-97
Nava, S, Ambrosino, N, Rubini, R, et al (1993) Effect of nasal pressure support ventilation and external PEEP on diaphragmatic activity in patients with severe stable COPD. Chest 103,143-150
Piper, A, Sullivan, C (1996) Effects of long-term nocturnal nasal ventilation on spontaneous breathing during sleep in neuromuscular and chest wall disorders. Eur Respir J 9,1515-1522
Piper, AJ, Parker, S, Torzillo, PJ, et al (1992) Nocturnal nasal IPPV stabilizes patients with cystic fibrosis and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest 102,846-850
Robert, D, Willig, TN, Paulus, J, et al (1993) Long-term nasal ventilation in neuromuscular disorders: report of a consensus conference. Eur Respir J 6,599-606
Simonds, AK, Elliot, MW (1995) Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders. Thorax 50,604-609
Simonds, AK, Elliott, MW (1995) Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders. Thorax 50,604-609
Strumpf, DA, Millman, RP, Carlisle, CC, et al (1991) Nocturnal positive-pressure ventilation via nasal mask in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 144,1234-1239

Pressure Support

Alberti, A, Gallo, F, Fongaro, A, et al (1995) P0.1 is a useful parameter in setting the level of pressure support ventilation Intensive Care Med 21,547-553
Jubran, A, Van de Graaff, WB, Tobin, MJ (1995) Variability of patient-ventilator interaction with pressure-support ventilation in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152,129-136
Nava, S, Bruschi, C, Rubini, F, et al (1995) Respiratory response and inspiratory effort during pressure support ventilation in COPD patients. Intensive Care Med 21,871-879
Appendini, L, Patessio, A, Zanaboni, S, et al (1994) Physiologic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and mask pressure support during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149,1069-1076
Dekel, B, Segal, E, Perel, A (1996) Pressure support ventilation. Arch Intern Med 156,369-373
Rossi, A, Appendini, L (1995) Wasted efforts and dysynchrony: is the patient-ventilator battle back? Intensive Care Med 21,867-870
Takahashi, T, Takezawa, J, Kimura, T, et al (1991) Comparison of inspiratory work of breathing in t-piece breathing, PSV, and pleural pressure support ventilation (PPSV). Chest 104,1030-1034
Nava, S, Bruschi, C, Rubini, F, et al (1995) Respiratory response and inspiratory effort during pressure support ventilation in COPD patients. Intensive Care Med 21,871-879
Jubran, A, Van de Graaff, WB, Tobin, MJ (1995) Variability of patient-ventilator interaction with pressure support ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152,129-136
Brochard, L, Rua, F, Lorino, H, et al (1991) Inspiratory pressure support compensates for the additional work of breathing caused by the endotracheal tube. Anesthesiology 75,739-745
Kimura, T, Takezawa, J, Nishiwaki, K, et al (1991) Determination of the optimal pressure support level evaluated by measuring transdiaphragmatic pressure. Chest 100,112-117
Brochard, L, Harf, A, Lorino, H, et al (1989) Inspiratory pressure support prevents diaphragmatic fatigue during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 139,513-521
Uchiyama, A, Imanaka, H, Nishimura, M, et al (1998) Effects of pressure-support ventilation on recovery from acute diaphragmatic fatigue in rabbits. Crit Care Med 26,1225-1230

Pulse Oximetry

Barker, SJ, Shah, NK (1997) Effects of motion on the performance of pulse oximeters in volunteers. Anesthesiology 86,101-108
Dumas, C, Wahr, JA, Tremper, KK (1996) Clinical evaluation of a prototype motion artifact resistant pulse oximeter in the recovery room. Anesth Analg 83,269-272
Inman, KJ, Sibbald, WJ, Rutledge, FS, et al (1993) Does implementing pulse oximetry in a critical care unit result in substantial arterial blood gas savings? Chest 104,542-546
Jay, GD, Hughes, L, Renzi, FP (1994) Pulse oximetry is accurate in acute anemia from hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med 24,32-35
Jubran, A, Tobin, MJ (1990) Reliability of pulse oximetry in titrating supplemental oxygen therapy in ventilator-dependent patients. Chest 97,1420-1425
Le Bourdelles, G, Estagnasie, P, Lenoir, F, et al (1998) Use of a pulse oximeter in an adult emergency department: impact on the number of arterial blood gas analyses ordered. Chest 113,1042-1047
Moller, JT, Pedersen, T, Rasmussen, LS, et al (1993) Randomized evaluation of pulse oximetry in 20,802 patients: I. Design, demography, pulse oximetry failure rate and overall complication rate. Anesthesiology 78,436-444
Mower, WR, Sachs, C, Nicklin, EL, Safa, P, Baraff, LJ (1996) A comparison of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate in patient screening. Respir Med 90,593-599
Ortiz, FO, Aldrich, TK, Nagel, RL, et al (1999) Accuracy of pulse oximetry in sickle cell disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159,447-451
Rheineck-Leyssius, AT, Kalkman, CJ (1997) Influence of pulse oximeter lower alarm limit on the incidence of hypoxaemia in the recovery room. Br J Anaesth 79,460-464
Tsien, CL, Fackler, JC (1997) Poor prognosis for existing monitors in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 25,614-619
Webb, RK, Ralston, AC, Runciman, WB (1991) Potential errors in pulse oximetry: II. Effects of changes in saturation and signal quality. Anesthesia 96,207-212
Wukitisch, MW, Peterson, MT, Tobler, DR, et al (1988) Pulse oximetry: analysis of theory, technology, and practice. J Clin Monit 4,290-301

Respiratory Muscles

Braun, NM, Marino, WD (1984) Effect of daily intermittent rest of respiratory muscles in patients with severe chronic airflow limitation (CAL). Chest 85,59S-60S
Parthasarathy S, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Cycling of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Groups with the Ventilator in Airflow Limitation Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998 158: 1471-1478.

SIMV

Bernstein G, GP Heldt, and FL Mannino. Increased and more consistent tidal volumes during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in newborn infants Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994 150: 1444-1448.
[Abstract]
Giuliani, R, Mascia, L, Recchia, F, et al (1995) Patient-ventilator interaction during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation: effects of flow triggering. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151,1-9
Imsand, C, Feihl, F, Perret, MD, et al (1994) Regulation of inspiratory neuromuscular output during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. Anesthesiology 80,13-22

Triggering

Aslanian P, S El Atrous, D Isabey, E Valente, D Corsi, A Harf, F Lemaire, L Brochard. Effects of Flow Triggering on Breathing Effort During Partial Ventilatory Support Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998 157: 135-143
[Abstract]
Banner, MJ, Blanch, PB, Kirby, RR (1993) Imposed work of breathing and methods of triggering a demand-flow, continuous positive airway pressure system. Crit Care Med 21,183-190
[Abstract]
Chao DC DJ Scheinhorn, and M Stearn-Hassenpflug. Patient-ventilator trigger asynchrony in prolonged mechanical ventilation Chest 1997 112: 1592-1599
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Nishimura M, D Hess, and RM Kacmarek. The response of flow-triggered infant ventilators Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995 152: 1901-1909.
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Sassoon, CSH, Gruer, SE (1995) Characteristics of the ventilator pressure and flow-trigger variables. Intensive Care Med 21,159-168
[Abstract]

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Dreyfuss D, K Djedaini, I Gros, L Mier, G Le Bourdelles, Y Cohen, P Estagnasie, F Coste, and Y Boussougant. Mechanical ventilation with heated humidifiers or heat and moisture exchangers: effects on patient colonization and incidence of nosocomial pneumonia Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995 151: 986-992
[Abstract]
Fagon, JY, Chastre, J, Hance, AJ, et al (1993) Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med 94,281-288
[Abstract]
Fink JB, SA Krause, L Barrett, D Schaaff, and CG Alex. Extending ventilator circuit change interval beyond 2 days reduces the likelihood of ventilator-associated pneumonia Chest 1998 113: 405-411.
[Abstract]
George DL, PS Falk, RG Wunderink, KV Leeper, Jr., GU Meduri, EL Steere, CE Corbett, CG Mayhall. Epidemiology of Ventilator-acquired Pneumonia Based on Protected Bronchoscopic Sampling Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998 158: 1839-1847.
[Abstract]
Kollef MH, B Von Harz, D Prentice, SD Shapiro, P Silver, R St. John, and E Trovillion. Patient transport from intensive care increases the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia Chest 1997 112: 765-773.
[Abstract]
Kollef, MH. Critical Concepts: the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, (review article) NEJM 1999, 340(8).
[Full text ]

Weaning

Afessa B, L Hogans, R Murphy (1999) Predicting 3-Day and 7-Day Outcomes of Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation Chest 116: 456-461.
[Abstract]
AHRQ Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 23 Criteria for Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
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Anzueto, A, Peters, JI, Tobin, MJ, et al (1997) Effects of prolonged controlled mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic function in healthy adult baboons. Crit Care Med 25,1187-1190
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Bach JR, CA Manthous, GA Schmidt, JB Hall (1999) Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation: Now for the Rest of the Story Chest 115: 1217
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Bach, JR, Saporito, LR (1996) Criteria for extubation and tracheostomy tube removal for patients with ventilatory failure: a different approach to weaning. Chest 110,1566-1571
Bowen DE. Ventilator weaning through hypnosis. Psychosomatics. 1989 Fall;30(4):449-50
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Brochard, L, Rauss, A, Benito, S, et al (1994) Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150,896-903
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Capdevila, XJ, Perrigault, PF, Perey, PJ, et al (1995) Occlusion pressure and its ratio to maximum inspiratory pressure are useful predictors for successful extubation following T-piece weaning trial. Chest 108,482-489
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Dehaven, CB, Kirton, OC, Morgan, JP, et al (1996) Breathing measurement reduces false-negative classification of tachypneic preextubation trial failures. Crit Care Med 24,976-980
Ely, EW, Baker, AM, Dunagan, DP, et al (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335,1864-1869
Epstein, S, Ciubotaru, RL (1996) Influence of gender and endotracheal tube size on preextubation breathing pattern. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154,1647-1652
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